The Role Of A Government Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Role Of A Government Argumentative Essay Sue Ellen WebbMrs. CaudillEnglish III Honors-520 January 2000The Role of a GovernmentHenry David Thoreau often took extreme positions on the issue of government and its role in society. To this somewhat rebellious transcendentalist, government should not govern people at all and law was often meant to be broken. Thoreaus belief in individualism was so strong in fact that it seems he often took sides on an in issue simply to be in favor of the minority, whether the majority was right or wrong. Certainly, it is important for one to be himself and stand up for what he believes in. However, to Thoreaus statement that that government is best which governs not at all is a bit extreme. We will write a custom essay on The Role Of A Government Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some form of government is necessary first and foremost to prevent chaos and widespread disorder. Without laws and consequences for breaking those laws, people will do exactly what pleases them without regard to how it affects others. Theft and murder will become everyday occurrences because men without ethics will see no reason not to commit these crimes. In fact, the entire population may ending killing themselves off. In addition to an increase of crime, a significant increase in poverty is likely to occur without government leadership. Without government funding, public schools, hospitals, and transportation would be nonexistent. This in conjunction with the lack of welfare funds would obviously lead to a society of poor, uneducated,Webb 2 and sickly people. Without a doubt, a society must be under the rule of a strong government power in order to function properly. Thoreaus statement is also too harsh because it has no regard for the fact that in a democratic society, the people essentially are the government. The whole purpose of a democracy is to ensure that the people govern themselves. Rather than being ruled by a dictator or monarch, members of a democratic society are able to have an input on how the government runs. Ideally, any law that is formed in this country is formed because the majority of the population want it to be formed. Rather than complaining about the existence of a government, Thoreau should have rejoiced at having the rights people in America have. It is doubtful that the laws of any other country would have allowed Thoreau more freedom or independence than the laws of the United States. If he felt otherwise or disagreed with the majority of the population, he should not have chosen to live in the United States. Certainly, one can see that Thoreaus complaints about the censorship placed upon individuals by the government were unjustified. Obviously, Thoreau went too far in stating that the government should not govern at all. Without a government that does its job in governing the people, disaster will occur. While it is not the governments place to suppress the ideas or expressions of its people, it is vital to maintaining organization. As a society, people should strive to find a medium between total lack of government and total control by the government. Bibliographynone

Relevant Cost And Revenues Irrelevant Cost Accounting Essay Essay Example

Relevant Cost And Revenues Irrelevant Cost Accounting Essay Essay Example Relevant Cost And Revenues Irrelevant Cost Accounting Essay Paper Relevant Cost And Revenues Irrelevant Cost Accounting Essay Paper Question 1: What are the cardinal functions which a strategic direction comptroller would set about in an administration such as Jessup? Note: All the values or costs which are used in illustrations are in lbs. KEY ROLES OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANT Detailed resolutions/ accounts which represent the cardinal function from the strategic direction accountant working in an organisation, such as Jessup Ltd is stated below: The chief end of the concern for the organisation is that to gain more and more net income and for the production position is to every bit much as increases the production in the limited or less resource. On the other manus the more nucleus concern aims are less cost of production and the use degree will be more. Some of the more fiscal individual wants 100 % profitableness and higher rate of return. ( Drury, 2001 ) LIFE-CYCLE Costing The life rhythm cost of the merchandise stress on the cost against the life rhythm of the merchandise finding whether the net income earned during the fabrication period will cover the cost incurred during the production phase, As demoing above the planning and design stage, the cost direction can good implemented here. ( Drury, 2009 ) MANAGEMENT S ACTIVITY-BASED TECHNIQUES ( ABC ) Activity based direction is a tool used for pull offing the activities of an organisation, by pull offing these activities the disbursals or cost can be managed for the long term. Knowing the activities of the organisation can give company a competitory border over others. It been used in three different phases: Identifying and analysing the major activities in an organisation. Delegating cost for each activity. For each activity, make up ones minding the cost driver. ( Drury, 2009 ) Target Costing It stress on pull offing the cost that has been decided during the planning and planing stage of the merchandise life rhythm. It s been used in four different stairss which have to be followed in the same order. 1st Measure: Deciding a mark monetary value for the merchandise, which the client may hold to pay. second Measure: For make up ones minding the mark cost, abruptly down the mark border of net income from the mark monetary value. 3rd Measure: Find out the true cost of the merchandise. fourth Measure: If the true cost exceeds the mark cost, so happen out ways to drop down the true cost to the mark cost. Accurate costing system is necessary to be implemented for mark costing. ( Drury, 2001 ) BUSINESS PROCESS RE-ENGINERRING ( BPR ) Business procedure re-engineering involves look intoing concern procedures and doing significant alterations to the present operating processs of the organisation. The construct is to redesign the work done. ( Drury, 2001 ) Cost OF QUALITY ( COQ ) : Cost of quality in today s universe becomes a higher demand of the companies, Company like Jessup should besides necessitate to place the quality of their merchandises or services, so that they can bring forth the merchandises as per the demand of client with the expected quality, this quality cheque requires a higher cost but it is a competitory border for the companies presents. Improvement in the quality are the major map and demand of the client, Jessup continuously need to place the rapid alterations in the demand of the clients. ( Drury, 2009 ) BENCHMARKING OF THE Company: It shows the outstanding patterns which are the function theoretical account for the organisation. It besides the quality if the merchandises in the define mode which is prescribed harmonizing to the criterions of the Torahs which is Implicated by the higher organic structures or harmonizing to the promises which they provide to the clients. ( Drury, 2009 ) JUST- IN -TIME ( JIT ) : The merely in clip plants for the flawlessness in each and every section of the organisation or concern, the chief intent is to cut down those activities which gives no value added to the merchandise, and to merchandise the goods from natural stuff into finished goods within the expected clip of the company without any defects. ( Lu, 1986 ) THE BALANCE SCORECARD AS A STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The end of the balance scorecard are beyond than doing a temporarily set of non-financial and fiscal statistics of public presentation. They are ensuing from the top to bottom process provided by the concern unit as per their schemes and missions. As per Norton and Kaplan How otherwise the organisation utilizing these scorecards to accomplish the procedure of critical direction is listed below: From the translating and illustrating purposes and schemes, it focuses on the strategic ends to analyse the criticalnesss. Each employee of the organisation should be communicated the strategic steps and programs, One the employee of the organisation able to understand, they need to work on those schemes and ends to run into their concern unit s overall scheme. Once the above two procedures are being accomplished there must be puting of marks, and be aftering to originate the particular ends which means gives them way for that specific end to be accomplished. These marks must non be exceeded than 1 twelvemonth so that the public presentation can be entree easy which is been made for accomplishing the long term marks. Enhancing the scheme for feedback and acquisition is the last procedure, so that things can be evaluate and proctor or may adjusted or changed if necessary. The attack of the scheme is for both, the clients and the internal procedures. ( Drury, 2009 ) ESTABILISHING GOALS AND PERFORMANCE STATISTICS As explained briefly above about the procedures of balanced scorecard, we can now believe about the procedures of set uping ends and public presentation stats in all the procedures of balanced scorecard. Capabilities of the employers Capabilities of the IS ( information system ) Authorization, alliance A ; motive CUSTOMER ACCOUNT PROFITIBILITY It is based on the life clip value of the client by the organisation which can be determined by the life-time possible gross of the client subtracting the life-time cost. It helps to make up ones mind the client life-time profitableness over the organization/customer relationship. ( Drucker, 1999 ) Decision Management comptroller plays critical function in any organisation so there is a great demand to hold got top direction comptroller in most of the organisation is consider being the accountant of the organisation. Goals of direction comptroller are to preparation of schemes, concern activities, programs, and studies including finance, revenue enhancement, audit and system support for effectual determinations which helps the organisations to accomplish its hereafter ends. Question 2: What is meant by the footings relevant and irrelevant costs and grosss in Strategic Management Accounting determination doing? Include several little numerical illustrations in your reply. In the procedure of determination devising, all the costs may non be relevant some may see as irrelevant. Relevant cost is really considered as future cost ; where from the experiences of past direction makes determination for the hereafter. RELEVANT COST AND REVENUES The entire difference between the cost of two options is known as a relevant cost, it is non necessary that a cost which is relevant for one undertaking is besides relevant for the other, relevant cost varies from instance to instance, in the accounting defined term, it is known as a cost which direction thinks most of import for their determination devising, its eliminates all other unneeded cost. The of import thing that has to be considered is that it needs to see qualitative factors as good and non merely quantitative factors. ( Drury, 2009 ) IRRELEVANT Cost As mentioned above, costs that are irrelevant in a peculiar state of affairs may be relevant for other, Sunk costs ; operating expenses are the best illustrations of this. ( Drury, 2009 ) In a procedure of determination devising, the cost and benefits of one option must be compared with the other options, so the relevant and irrelevant cost can be analyzed, analyzation is critical because of two ground. First, ignorance of irrelevant informations which saves the clip and attempt of the determination shaper and the 2nd is that bad determination can easy be identified Examples: If toilet is seeking to make up ones mind whether to travel to watch a film or lease a videotape, is this determination the rent of the flat where toilet lives is irrelevant because whether he travel to watch the film or rent it the rent of the flat has to be paid in both instances. However, to cost of the ticket of the film or the cost for leasing the film is relevant in this determination because it is evitable cost. An evitable cost can be clearly defined through this illustration as, it is a cost that can be eliminated in a whole or in portion, If John choose to watch the film so leasing the film is considered as evitable cost same as if John choose the rent the film so purchasing the ticket will be considered as evitable cost. Whereas the rent of the house is ineluctable cost in this determination because, in taking any of the options it has to be paid by John. Evitable costs are relevant and ineluctable costs are irrelevant costs. There are two broader classs of costs that neer considered as relevant cost. Sunk cost Future cost that do non differ among the options SUNK Cost Sunk cost are the cost that has been incurred in past and can non be changed for future determinations, it is ever the same no affair what type of determination has to be taken. Therefore, it is considered as irrelevant cost and needs to be ignored. ( Garrison A ; Noreen, 2002 ) Examples: Suppose a machine has been purchased in the yesteryear, the cost that has been incurred for the machine is a sunk cost because it has already been incurred and can non be changed that is the ground why it do nt necessitate to be considered in the devising of determination. Future Cost Future cost that do non differ among the options should besides be ignored during the determination devising procedure. It can be more clearly defined by the aid of the mentioned below illustration. Examples: Let s go on the illustration that has been mentioned above where John has to take between the options whether he travel to watch the film or rent it, Suppose John intend to order a Burger of his pick during the film no affair he is watching the film in theater or he rent it, the cost of that Burger will stay the same in both the options. For the determination of telling a Burger, the cost is irrelevant because it is a future cost that does non differ among the two options. OPPORTUNITY COST It is the cost of the trade good that one leaves for acquiring the 2nd 1 among the two different options. ( Garrison A ; Noreen, 2002 ) For Example: Item Quantity Amount Benefits Wheat 10,000 dozenss 20,000 100,000 people fulfil the day-to-day necessity Industries 1 unit 20,000 100 get employment Here we can see two different options available, we assume that a peculiar state holding two different options available, whatever the option the determination shaper will choose the other would be consider as the chance cost. INCREMENTAL AND MARGINAL COST Incremental cost and Marginal cost are the cost of difference between cost of the merchandise and the gross acquiring by the sale of merchandise for the corresponding points under each option being considered. ( Garrison A ; Noreen, 2002 ) Examples: The incremental cost of bring forthing or bring forthing an increasing end product of merchandise Angstrom from 2000 to 2200 units per month are the extra cost of bring forthing an extra units of 200 per month. Incremental cost may be or may non be included in fixed cost. If as a consequence of a alteration in the determination of an organisation fixed cost fluctuate so the addition in cost is represents an incremental cost. If there is no alteration in fixed cost so the incremental cost will be zero. Relevant cost and grosss are required or utile in some particular instances which are mentioned below: Decision for particular merchandising monetary value: These are one clip orders merely and they are below the current monetary value of the market. It exists both in short term and long term footing. It is non the portion of the on-going concern of the organisation. Product mix determinations when capacity restraints exist: It occurs in the confining factor and its purpose is to concentrate on those merchandise or services which give the highest return of net income within the confining factor. Decisions on replacing of equipment: It is based on the determination where the original value of the old machine, depreciation and it s written off value is considered as irrelevant. Outsourcing ( Make or purchase ) determinations: it is based on the analyzation to transport out on the activities from the value concatenation within the organisation instead than purchase it from the provider. Discontinuance determinations: It is based on the analyzation of those merchandises or services where the cost is higher than the gross ( which merchandise or serve the organisation demand to stop ) . Note: The illustrations of these particular surveies are available in appendices. Decision To place the evitable cost for a peculiar undertaking or determination which is therefore the relevant cost, a determination shaper should follow the mentioned below measure: Extinguish the benefits and the costs that differ between the two options, the irrelevant cost will be dwelling of a ) sunk cost and B ) hereafter cost that does non differ from the options. After placing and analysing these cost, the determination shaper will so necessitate to analyse the hereafter cost that differ between the two options in a determination, the cost that remain are differential and evitable costs. In the procedure of determination doing the qualitative factors needs to be consider instead than quantitative factors. Question 3: What are the benefits and jobs of presenting activity based bing into an administration such as Jessup? ACTIVITY BASE Costing ABC method has been in usage since the start of twentieth century. Activity Based Costing is the bing harmonizing to the activity. Equally far as Jessup Ltd is concern the board of manager should hold to see the execution of the activity base bing to accomplish organisation end. The stairss of implementing Activity Base Costing are as follows. 1st Measure: First measure is to place the activities which are the analysis of runing procedure of each section and each section consist of one or more activities required for the production of an end product. second Measure: Second measure is to delegating resource costs to activities and there are two costs which are assign to activities known as direct cost which straight concern with the current production for illustration the stuff cost ( nail, pigment, wood ) to built tabular array, indirect cost which are the cost who straight which can non allocated to a individual end product and benefit to one or more end products, and the last assignment cost is general and administrative costs which is non associated with any merchandise or service to offer, such cost remain the same no affair what end product the activity produced for illustration wages of disposal, depreciation on works and equipments. 3rd Measure: Third measure is the designation of the end product of the consequence of the production for which activity is performed and consumer resources. Output can be merchandise services or clients. fourth Measure: Fourth and the last measure is to delegate activity costs to end product by utilizing activities drivers which assign activity costs to outputs which are based on single end products ingestion or demand of activities which is being performed. ( Geoktuerk, 2005 ) COMPARING TRADITIONAL AND ABC SYSTEM TRADITIONAL System The traditional base system which is besides known as standard system is been in working from 75 old ages and a batch of companies still utilizing this for the intent of fiscal direction statements and many other direction intents. It has some advantages for the companies like it is simple to utilize, the employees are more familiar with this system and the consistence of this system. But in today s concern it is misdirecting the determination shapers for the fiscal intents. The ground for that is that it is non been made for the instance of concern in which it is being utilizing presents, It has been designed for the companies that has 1 ) homogenous merchandises, 2 ) Large direct cost comparing with the indirect cost, 3 ) limited informations to roll up. Whereas in today s concern 1 ) A big assortment of complex merchandise and services are required, 2 ) Increased operating expenses compared to direct labor, 3 ) overload of informations and 4 ) Well non merchandise cost that can im pact the true merchandise. ( Drury, 2008 ) ABC SYSTEM The ABC costing system has been introduced because of the inaccuracy and misleading of the traditional system, these mistakes are the most unwanted things for the companies because of the environment set by the rivals in the market. The ABC system provides the accurate information and now most preferred over the traditional system, it is adopted when the operating expenses are increasing as compared with the direct labor costs. The smaller mark cost that are built upon activities are steps through the ABC system, it gives more advantageous because it helps in simplifying the procedure of determination devising and it makes the construct of the determination shaper more clear and mark oriented. It besides helps the direction to mensurate the public presentation and scene of criterions which may assist the director to utilize the given information for the intent of comparing. ( Drury, 2008 ) The traditional system normally depends on the random division among the section whereas the ABC system merely looks at the peculiar cause and how it might impact the cost. The cost for the production and support Centre is being merged in traditional whereas it s been see separately in ABC system. Both systems are utilizing a two phase allotment procedure, in the first phase, the traditional system are more looking at the cost for sections whereas the ABC system considers the activities. In the 2nd phase, the traditional system considers merely few cost drivers like labor, stuff etc whereas the ABC system considers a big Numberss of cost drivers. ( Drury, 2009 ) Traditional BASE COSTING TWO STAGE ALLOCATION ABC COSTING TWO STAGE ALLOCATION FEATURES/ BENEFITS OF ABC SYSTEM There will be figure of cost Centres and drivers available as per the demand of the company or which company could pull off. Establish truth in the procedure of different bing with respects to the merchandise, production, end user of the merchandise. Better aid in the production to understand the operating expense cost which is assign to the production of the merchandise of service. Easy to grok. Easy to construe harmonizing to the activity. Supply the better allotment of different resources as they are used in different merchandise line. Play critical function to place the activities and through such system determination shapers can extinguish such activities which are a load or emphasis for the production of the organisation or for the concern. Plants efficaciously with the public presentation direction systems which are employed by the human resource section of the company. Allow organisation to implement bing schemes across another diagonal of the concern procedure. Aid in the procedure of benchmarking which is an of import portion of the quality control system. ( Geoktuerk,2005 ) , ( Drury, 2009 ) Problem Necessitate a great no of informations and the informations aggregation procedure for this system. Time consuming. Generate capital outgo. This system is supposed to be crystalline system which some director would non better. Requires a immense wealth to prolong this system. Traditional system is more familiar than this system and most of the directors prefer traditional system because of the same ground. The companies who already holding the traditional system may hold jobs to setup this system. It is like land of information where the image of the company can non be clearly seen. ( Geoktuerk,2005 ) , ( Drury, 2009 ) Decision The ABC system is less emphasize on direct cost and more on indirect cost, Company like Jessup which is a service oriented company does nt hold labour and material cost so more demand for ABC costing is required, where the company need be aftering to place and analyse the meaningful pricing because tendering a contract is holding a proper apprehension of cost so that the best competitory monetary value can be set, ABC costing is necessary in a competitory environment like Jessup have. Note: See appendices for the illustration of ABC costing.

Ethical Theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Theories - Assignment Example However, most of the time a decision taken for the interest of an individual usually affects the interests of others. In such a case, other people may regard such actions as unethical. A critical evaluation of such a situation is likely to lead to a conclusion that every person is an egoist because an offence usually occurs when their interests are not achieved. According to Cecily and Payne (1990), â€Å"the free market economy operates under such philosophies†. This kind of market devoid of government influence through regulations generates a society in which each individual seeks to satisfy personal interests, and if everybody is successful, then the society will benefit as a whole. So long as each individual in business will be capable of making profits legitimately, then he/she will have fulfilled the moral obligation of the business. However, it is important for people to distinguish between egoism and selfish interests. It is most likely that selfish interests will cause an imbalanced society whereby some individuals will be deprived. Export of capital is significant in fulfilling economic goals. It facilitates growth of foreign direct investments and businesses in foreign countries grow. This helps in increasing the profitability of capitalists who would otherwise suffer a reduction in profits due to lack of opportunities for investment despite the surplus capital. In the less developed countries, there is scarcity of capital while the market remains unexploited, and there is availability of cheap land. On the other hand, there are cheap labour as well as cheap raw materials. Export of capital is also significant in the maintenance of a balance of trade (Tone 1991). This is because if a country liberalizes its market for foreign investors, which is the case in the United States, it also needs to find market for its domestic products, which helps in increasing exports so that the imports do not exceed the

Family and Medical Leave Act 1993 vs sit A Essay

Family and Medical Leave Act 1993 vs sit A - Essay Example However, eligible employee excludes employees or federal officers covered under United States Code in chapter 63 title 5, subchapter v. It does not include a worker of an employer hiring less than fifty workers. This is in case the employer, within 75 miles of the worksite, has less than 50 employees. Section 102 of the Act focuses on leave requirement. According to this section, an eligible employee qualifies for a twelve-week leave in any twelve-month period because of the following reasons: Birth of a child of an employee to allow taking care of the child; When the employee adopts a daughter or a son; To take care of a son, daughter or spouse in case the son, daughter or spouse has the health; condition, which is serious,; and In cases of serious health conditions rendering the employee incapable of performing his or her duties Subsection two of section 102 stipulates that the leave period expire at the end of the twelve-month period. This is so in case an employee takes a leave d ue to placement or birth of a son or daughter. Section 104, subsection (a) and paragraph (1) stipulates that when an employee returns from the leave he or she should assume the previous position. The employee should also receive the same remuneration as that before he or she went for the leave (U.S. Department of Labour, 2008). ... Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 versus situation B This Act prohibits any discrimination according to age in employment. This Act aims to protect employees who are forty years and above from discrimination according to age in employment. It applies to both job applicants and employees. According to ADEA, it is not lawful to discriminate an individual on the basis of age with regard to condition, term, employment privilege, including firing, hiring, promotion, compensation, lay off, job assignments, benefits and training (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2008). Section 623 0f the Act deals with this topic where subsection (a) considers practices by the employer. The section considers unlawful, the following practices: 1. Failing or refusing to discharge or hire an individual or discriminating against him or her to his terms, compensation, privileges or situations of employment on the basis of his or her age; 2. Classifying, limiting or segregating empl oyees in any way that deprives an individual of opportunities in employment or causing adverse effect to the employee status of on the basis of age; and 3. Reduction of wages to the employees based on age of the individuals This Act considers an agency to have violated the law if it refuses or fails to refer for employment any individual due to his age. However, this Act in subsection (f) gives lawful practices on laws of foreign workplace, age and occupational qualification, other reasonable factors, employee benefit plans, seniority system and discharge or discipline for providential cause. Here, the law does not prohibit actions by employers on employees in cases where age is a necessary, reasonable qualification for the normal functioning of a given business (U.S. Equal

Hybrid Beamforming Design for 5G Wireless Communications

Hybrid Beamforming Design for 5G Wireless Communications To comply with evolving 5G standards, higher data rates (and greater bandwidth), lower-latency network accesses, and more energy-efficient implementations are needed. While 5G standards are still very much evolving, the goals for higher data rates, lower-latency network accesses, and more energy-efficient implementations are clear. And with higher data rates comes the need for wider bandwidth spectrums. Today, available bandwidth in the spectrum up through 6 GHz isnt sufficient to satisfy these requirements. This, in turn, has helped move the target operating frequency bands up into the millimeter-wave range for the next generation of wireless communication systems. The small wavelengths at these higher frequency bands enable implementations with many more antenna elements per system within very small form factors. However, it also increases the signal-path and propagation challenges associated with operating at these frequencies. For example, the path loss for a 60-GHz waveform is approximately 10.5 dB/km, while a 700-MHz waveform experiences path loss on the order of 0.01 dB/km. These losses can be offset with intelligent array design and the use of spatial signal-processing techniques, including beamforming. This type of processing is enabled by large arrays and can be used directly to provide higher link-level gains to overcome path loss and undesirable interference sources. To achieve the most control and flexibility with beamforming in an active array design, its desirable to have independent weighting control over each antenna-array element. This requires a transmit/receive (T/R) module dedicated to each element. For array sizes typical of a large multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) communication system (e.g., over a thousand elements), such an architecture is difficult to build due to cost, space, and power limitations. For example, implementing a very high performance analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for every channel (along with the supporting components) can drive the cost and power beyond allocated design budgets. Similarly, having variable gain amplifiers in the RF chain for each channel increases system cost. Going Hybrid Hybrid beamforming is a popular technique that can be used to partition beamforming between the digital and RF domains. System designers can implement hybrid beamforming to balance flexibility and cost tradeoffs while still fielding a system that meets the required performance parameters. Hybrid-beamforming designs are developed by combining multiple array elements into subarray modules. A T/R module can be dedicated to multiple elements in the array; thus, the system will require fewer T/R modules. The number of elements in each subarray can be selected to ensure that system-level performance is met across the range of steering angles. Using the transmit path as an example, each element within a subarray can have a phase shift applied directly in the RF domain, while digital beamforming techniques based on complex weighting vectors can be applied on the signals that feed each subarray. Digital beamforming allows for control of the signal for both amplitude and phase on signals aggregated at the subarray level. For cost and complexity reasons, the RF control is typically limited to applying phase shifts to each of the elements. Diagram here, Figure 1 Figure 1. A hybrid-beamforming architecture has partitioning between the digital and RF domains. Multiple array elements are combined into subarray modules. Each element within a subarray has a phase shift applied directly in the RF domain, while digital beamforming techniques are applied on the signals that feed each subarray. Systems such as the one shown in Figure 1 are complex to develop. Modeling techniques can be used to design and evaluate large antenna arrays and the corresponding RF and digital architectures needed to help manage their complexity. These techniques help reduce risk and validate design approaches at the earliest stages of a project. In addition, its important to evaluate subsystem designs in the context of the larger system. For example, how will hybrid beamforming tradeoffs affect the bit error rate on communications with a mobile device? Designing the Array The first step in the design process is to model and design the array. This includes converging on array design choices such as the array geometry, element spacing, the lattice structure of the elements, and tapering. In addition, the effects of mutual coupling are important to characterize before implementing the final design. Once an initial configuration of the array design is complete, architectural partitioning can be iteratively evaluated against the overall system performance. With millimeter-wave systems, the area is reduced in proportion to the wavelength size. As an example, an antenna array designed at millimeter-wave frequencies can be up to 100 times smaller than an array designed to operate at microwave frequencies. By building an array with a larger number of antenna elements, we can achieve a high beamforming gain. The highly directive beam helps offset the increased path loss at higher frequencies of operation, as beams are steered to a specific direction. To achieve steering in azimuth and elevation, a uniformly spaced planar array in the y and z plane can be designed. The larger number of elements provides a high level of directivity. The design also has tapering applied to the rows and columns of the array to reduce sidelobe levels. To help reduce the effects of mutual coupling, the spacing between elements can be slightly increased. As is the case with all design choices, the larger antenna gains achieved with narrower beams must be balanced with the fact that MIMO systems are based on scattering environments. These environments also depend on broader beam patterns to maximize channel capacity. This tradeoff can be assessed as part of the modeling, too. The image on the right side of Figure 2 shows that with spacing of wavelength/2 between the elements, no grating lobes are present across the full range of steering directions, as expected. Its important to understand the impacts here, because it may be necessary to increase the spacing between the elements to mitigate the effects of mutual coupling. This crucial design consideration must be accounted for at this juncture. Fortunately, at the higher frequencies, where wavelength/2 spacing is quite small to start with, an increase in element separation by 10% of a wavelength only requires a change of less than 0.5 mm at 66 GHz. Figure 3 shows the tradeoff that must be considered when using a grating lobe diagram with a 10% increase in the spacing between the elements. For this example, grating lobes are only present with azimuth and elevation angles outside  ±54.9 degrees. Extending the Model Fidelity Next, in a more detailed example, an array is built up as a collection of subarrays. The element used in this example, which is based on a patch antenna designed for 66-GHz resonance, is no longer ideal. The element pattern for a single patch element is shown in Figure 4. To build up an array using this pattern, each subarray is modeled as an 8-1 element uniform linear array, where each element has a pattern response from the patch element. The resulting array structure can be visualized like that shown in Figure 5, with each subarray (8 elements 1 subarray) on the left and the full array (1 subarray replicated in 8 columns) on the right. From the hybrid-beamforming perspective, each of the elements within the 8-1 array can be passed through a phase shifter for steering in the elevation plane. We see how this can be modeled in the RF domain with the phase shifters in the following section. Each of the eight signals that feed the subarrays can be controlled via digital beamforming techniques to steer the beam in azimuth. Figure 2 shows the resulting beam pattern for the array in the above configuration, which has been calculated using superposition. Hybrid-Beamformer Partitioning We can then partition the architecture for the transmit chain with the phase shifts (applied in the RF domain) and complex weights (applied in the digital domain). For basic analysis, the weights are able to be generated using MathWorks MATLAB, Phased Array System Toolbox, and Antenna Toolbox code, as shown in the code below: This MATLAB code is used to model analog phase shifts (applied in the RF domain) and digital complex weights (applied in the digital domain). Weights are generated with MATLAB, Phased Array System Toolbox, and Antenna Toolbox. Applying the array design parameters, the digital weights and the RF phase shifts generated in MATLAB earlier (a multi-domain simulation) can be performed using the architecture model in Simulink (Fig. 7). In this block diagram, the phase shifts are provided as inputs to each of the subarrays, which are then applied to the RF signals. The digital beamforming weights are used to shape the signals feeding each of the subarrays. 7. In the multi-domain hybrid architecture, digital weights and RF phase shifts generated in MATLAB can be used within the architectural model in Simulink and SimRF. The phase shifts are provided as inputs to each of the subarrays, which are then applied to the RF signals. The digital beamforming weights are used to shape the signals feeding the subarrays. Figure 8 provides a detailed view into a single RF Array block from Fig. 7. The RF phase shifters shown in Fig. 8 perform the beamforming in the elevation plane, while the baseband weights provide the beamforming in the azimuth plane. 8. Here, an RF transmit chain uses SimRF blocks to control phase shifters (a single RF Transmit Array block is shown). The RF phase shifters perform the beamforming in the elevation plane, while the baseband weights provide the beamforming in the azimuth plane. Multi-Beam Hybrid System Architectures The model can be extended to support multi-user beamforming systems. To do this, the baseband beamforming blocks described above are employed to create multiple beams from the array to cover multiple users concurrently (Fig. 9). This beamforming can also be used to account for the path variations between the transmitter and the desired user locations. The resulting signals are able to be combined to perform the RF beamforming and serve the different users in a sector at specific distances from the base station. As discussed earlier, the subarray modules enable coarse elevation angle adjustment (by phase shifters), and multi-user groups can be arranged by distance in a ring structure to effectively provide areas of coverage. 9. Base band beam forming blocks create multiple beams to cover multiple users concurrently, and can also be used to account for the path variations between the transmitter and the desired user locations. Summary By implementing a hybrid-beamforming system, designers can strike a balance between meeting system performance goals and system-level cost objectives. Developing a hybrid beamformer and evaluating algorithm alternatives is only the first step toward achieving the required performance of a wireless communications system. To assess performance, the beamformer must be integrated into a system-level model and evaluated over a collection of parameter, steering, and channel combinations. Modeling these beamforming algorithms in the context of an entire system, including RF, antenna, and signal-processing components, can help verify design choices at the earliest phases of the project and reduce the associated challenges. Singular Value Decomposition Singular value decomposition (SVD) is quite possibly the most widely-used multivariate statistical technique used in the atmospheric sciences. The technique was first introduced to meteorology in a 1956 paper by Edward Lorenz, in which he referred to the process as empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Today, it is also commonly known as principal-component analysis (PCA). All three names are still used, and refer to the same set of procedures within the Data Library. The purpose of singular value decomposition is to reduce a dataset containing a large number of values to a dataset containing significantly fewer values, but which still contains a large fraction of the variability present in the original data. Often in the atmospheric and geophysical sciences, data will exhibit large spatial correlations. SVD analysis results in a more compact representation of these correlations, especially with multivariate datasets and can provide insight into spatial and temporal variations exhibited in the fields of data being analyzed. There are a few caveats one should be aware of before computing the SVD of a set of data. First, the data must consist of anomalies. Secondly, the data should be de-trended. When trends in the data exist over time, the first structure often captures them. If the purpose of the analysis is to find spatial correlations independent of trends, the data should be de-trended before applying SVD analysis.

House of the Spirits, Major Motifs Essay -- English Literature

House of the Spirits, Major Motifs Politics Pedro Tercero brought Socialism to the peasants of Tres Marias, and got Jaime very interested in justice, equality, and the peasant movement. The peasants want their feelings to be heard and want a socialist style of government, but they are afraid that Esteban Trueba will find out and kick them out of the estate. The people of Tres Marias have no desire to vote because they know that the ballots are changed. Pedro Tercero tries to make the people understand that this election will be different; there will be people from the socialist party watching the ballot taking and the ballot boxes will be sealed. The people of Tres Marias are beginning to understand how their problems can be solved, and how people should really be living. Esteban Trueba however, is on the other side of the political wings he needs full control over the peasants so his estate will function, he believes that the peasants can’t rule themselves. If his people vote for a socialist government he can’t kick them out because then he’ll have to kick everyone out, he will do more harm to himself through anger. Power Men are losing power. Jean de Satigny is handsome and a French count from all around the world, unlike other men, he has experienced what the world has to offer. He is civilized and has lots of money to flaunt to his lover, but even though he has so much he can’t get Blanca to marry him. Someone with so much has no power over the women he wants. Esteban has no power over Clara when he needs it most, and when he wants complete control over her she can avoid him or hide from him. He tries to go back to raping peasants, but he can’t lift them up onto his saddle because his age. H... ...ut Esteban doesn’t understand the unexplainable attraction of love and sees it as bondage of two people from the same class. The love between Blanca and Pedro Tercero is the strongest love in the whole book. The devotion of the two to stay together through all the years is something close to magic. Starting out from playing in mud and sleeping naked under the dinner table on top of each other like two fitting puzzle pieces, perfect. Then through the years getting more and more serious until their love cannot be separated by Esteban’s skeptical morals. They start to sneak out at night to meet by the river where they embrace and make love ending in the same position from when they first met. The love between the two lovers is natural not between class, money, family, or looks, but between two people who found love and will never let anyone take it from them.

Culinary art Essay

1. Executive Summary This report is a discussion about a bad review posted by John Trevallin on The Morning Post after his disastrous dinner at the Abbey Restaurant. John had some serious expectation from The Abbey as is considered a premier restaurant with great location and world renowned chef Marcus Vesty who owns the restaurant. This report consists of firstly the immediate stakeholders, who are answerable for the bad review, secondly analyzing the issues that led to the bad review, thirdly suggestions and recommendations on how to tackle the issue so as to live up to the expectations of the owners and saving the Radicor Hotel Darling Harbour as the owners are planning to divert its interest from one of the hotels in this chain. Later in the report discussions on how to live up to the expectations of the loyal guests as well as how to attract new customers after this bad review is considered and finding possible solution to maintain the glory of Radicor as well as The Abbey. 2. Introduction The Radicor Hotel Darling Harbour Sydney is a premier hotel in the heart of the city. Darling Harbor is one the most visited place in Sydney and is the key area of which has a convention center, an exhibition center and many other tourist attractions such as shops cafes. The major attractions for tourists are the Sydney Aquarium and the Chinese Garden. According to the video the total number of visitors in darling harbor last year was 27.9 million out of which 3.8 million visitors is on transit and the remaining 24.6 million are from interstate or overseas. The location of the Radicor hotel attracts both business travelers as well as tourists. Considering the number of visitors it is comprehensible that competition between hotels, cafes and restaurant would be very high. Hotels have to go beyond excellence to attract customers as in such a location with so varied visitors it is a challenge to meet the expectations of everyone and maintaining the customer service level. The Radicor Ho tel takes pride in providing quality and excellence to its guests and stakeholders. Marcus Vesty the world renowned chef runs the Abbey restaurant located on the ground floor of the Radicor Hotel and is considered the leading restaurant in Sydney providing a fusion of flavors from east and west. Marcus leases the restaurant from the Radicor Hotel on a profit share basis. There are a number of issues that the Radicor Hotel is facing and to top that up John’s shocking feedback about The Abbey is now really a knock on the door for them. To make things worse the parent company Simcom Group is certain about selling off one of the Radicor chain Hotels as a result of global financial crisis and Radicor Darling Harbour is on the list. 3. List of Stakeholders The stakeholders that are concerned with this case are Marcus Vesty – the executive chef and owner of Abbey restaurant, Mr Loyd Chan – major shareholder of the Simcom , John Trevallin – The morning post reviewer, Tom Mc Laren – General Manager Radicor Hotel Darling Harbour, the devoted customer’s of Radicor and Abbey restaurant as well as the restaurant team members both front of house and kitchen. 4. Analysis and Recommendation The key issues that need some highlight in this case can be categorized in terms of front of house and kitchen that are not living up to the expectation of customers and shareholders. Firstly we will discuss about the problems in the kitchen which lead to such a bad review. 4.1 Absence of Marcus: One of the major reasons to this is the absence of Marcus in his own restaurant. He being involved too much in doing TV shows, promoting his cookbook and other media appearances is undoubtedly affecting the quality of food served in the restaurant. Marcus coming to the restaurant once or twice fortnightly is not acceptable. Marcus needs to be more involved in the restaurant. He is required to sit with the General Manager, Maitre-d hotel, and sommelier to discuss about the issue and find effective ways to get the reputation of the hotel and the restaurant to its glory. He needs to have a through training session where he is required to clearly convey the target they desire to achieve. Being the executive chef he needs to motivate his employees by providing training, recognition, and bonus(Carroll, 2012). 4.2 Menu planning: Menu planning is a process of creating a menu that suits both management as well as customers taking into account all the characteristic of food service system. Menu in a restaurant for a guest is not just the list of available food but it’s an representation of the procedure and contributes to the overall dining experience by creating a mood and excitement about the experience(Gordon-Davis and Van Rensburg, 2004). The balance between all the food items on the menu is very important so that each course or dish suits the palate(Mc Vety et al., 2008). In the case study as highlighted by John that the some of the dishes were too fragrant and some have an odd after taste. This shows that the menu was not properly balanced and the composition of menu was not up to the mark. 4.3 Standards Recipe not followed: Though Marcus is a very renowned chef and is known for its amazing cooking there could be various other reasons why the food was not up to the mark such as it could be the chefs employed by Marcus that are not doing their job properly. Standard recipe for each dish not being followed by the chefs. So the chefs need to follow the standardrecipe and every time a particular dish comes should be the same. This leads us to the next problem which is lack of staff training. 4.4 Lack of training: It’s clear from the review that there is a lack of training in the kitchen. It’s surveyed that the most important issue the hospitality industry is facing is the training of staffs. Employee training is a vital necessity to generate quality experience for both staffs as well as guests as well trained employees are more likely to deliver high quality service(Kusluvan, 2003). As per the review the food provided was not up to the standards that should be in such a premier restaurant. Clearly the chefs at the Abbey need more training on how to follow the standard recipe and maintaining the consistency. This will eradicate the problem of food being not up to the mark and as a result avoid the negative reviews from guests about food. This will rather help for both the restaurant as well as Marcus to get back the reputation and glory back. Also catering to the guest requirement as much as possible can be taken into consideration to go that extra mile and meet the guest expectation. 4.5 Uniformity of staff: According to the video the front of house staff is employed by the Radicor Hotel except the chefs, sous chef, maitre-d hotel and sommelier which are employed by Marcus himself. This leads to deficiency of control of operational aspects such as training, staff selection, and lack of dedication among staff(Mull et al., 2009). Since Marcus does not have much authority to choose the front of house staff for his restaurant he cannot do much about training and selecting his employees. Since the front of house staff are a part of Radicor Hotel they lack dedication towards the restaurant and don’t take much effort in doing things right. 4.6 Lack of Menu Knowledge: The front of house staff according to the review has very less knowledge about the food. This again is a serious issue of lack of training and dedication of the staff. The knowledge about the menu is a ver y important aspect of a food and beverage staff as they are the ones who are actually dealing with guests and are in direct contact with them. It is expected from every food and beverage staff to know the menu and also about the food (Swanson and Toledo, 2008). The above issues may not be that big when we talk about restaurant failing as a whole but in terms of a fine dining restaurant with such a goodwill these things do matter a lot. As said earlier as well the expectations of guest become so high that it isdifficult to meet them unless each and every detail is looked after. This issue can be easily solved by training the staff; the best way to train the front of house staff about the menu is to have session with chefs. Conducting tasting sessions for staffs and asking them to comment is a very effective way of gaining knowledge about the food (Andrews, 1980). 4.7 Poor ambience of the restaurant: Though the restaurant is located in the famous hotel Radicor Darling Harbour which is in the heart of the city, the ambience inside the restaurant according to John is not like a fine dining restaurant should be. The reasons of this could be overbooking(Gagnon and Gagnon, 2011), location in terms of where the restaurant is in the hotel as well as its in the busiest area of Sydney. In a fine dining restaurant overbooking the location could lead to some very unhappy customers as they expect a quite place so that they can e njoy the experience of high quality service and food and can relax while dining. In fine dining restaurants only that number of booking should be taken which suits the ambience and may be the restaurant could be made partially soundproof so that outside noise does not bother the guests(Baraban and Durocher, 2010). Conclusion The Radicor Hotel Darling Harbour being a reputed hotel with a world class restaurant needs to focus on maintaining their reputation. It’s not only the restaurant that has received a bad review but the hotel as a whole has a lot of loopholes that needs some serious and immediate action so as to stay in the hunt in such a location. The review by John Trevallin is just a mere wake up call for the hotel and the restaurant as the customer satisfaction track record clearly states the failure to meet the targets and shows the downfall of the hotel. The General Manager of Radicor Tom Mc Laren and executive chef Marcus Vesty with the other managers of the hotel needs to start from the scratch and analyse each and every issue and take necessary steps in getting the lost glory back in track and ensuring Mr Lyod Chan that Radicor still has the potential to be the best in the market which as a result will save the hotel from getting sold off. References I. ANDREWS, S. 1980. Food and Beverage Service Manual, McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited. II. BARABAN, R. S. & DUROCHER, J. F. 2010. Successful Restaurant Design, John Wiley & Sons. III. CARROLL, C. 2012. Leadership Lessons From a Chef: Finding Time to Be Great, Wiley. IV. GAGNON, R. & GAGNON, E. 2011. Appetite for Acquisition: The We Sell Restaurants Guide to Buying a Restaurant, Tate Pub & Enterprises Llc. V. GORDON-DAVIS, L. & VAN RENSBURG, L. 2004. The Hospitality Industry Handbook on Nutrition and Menu Planning, Juta. VI. KUSLUVAN, S. 2003. Managing Employee Attitudes and Behaviors in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry, Nova Science Publishers. VII. MCVETY, P. J., WARE, B. J. & WARE, C. L. 2008. Fundamentals of Menu Planning, Wiley. VIII. MULL, R. F., BEGGS, B. A. & RENNEISEN, M. 2009. Recreation Facility Management: Design, Development, Operations, and Utilization, Human Kinetics. IX. SWANSON, N. L. & TOLEDO, T. U. O. 2008. Knowledge and Beliefs of School District Superintendents and Food Service Managers in Michigan Toward Childhood Obesity and the Wellness Policy, The University of Toledo. | Assessment feedback | Assignment no. and Title Name: Rudranil Das ID: 110129132| Key components of this assignment| Performance on this component| Comment| | Excellent| Good| Fair| Poor| Very Poor| | Content: clear understanding of the topic and concepts; adequate coverage of the topic and relevance of the material; application of material| | | | | | | Research: evidence of adequate depth and breadth of research| | | | | | | Reasoning: a logical argument and discussionNote: In an academic essay you are expected to demonstrate to your reader that you have a position and perspective on the topic.| | | | | | | Presentation: Essay format and structure only, with Harvard (Author Date) style referencing and correct Reference List. (An additional Bibliography is not required but a Reference List is essential.)| | | | | | | Summary comment| The Graduate qualities being assessed by this assignment are indicated by an X:| | GQ1: operate effectively with and upon a body of knowledge| | GQ5: are committed to ethical action and social responsibility| | GQ2: are prepared for lifelong learning| | GQ6: communicate effectively| | GQ3: are effective problem solvers| | GQ7: demonstrate an international perspective| | GQ4:can work both autonomously and collaboratively| | | Assignment grade/mark|